PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases responsible for millions of deaths annually across the world. of TB including the pathogenesis, diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis  pulmonary tuberculosis includes an introduction that describes how the lung is the portal of entry for the tuberculosis bacilli to enter the body and then spread to the rest of the body. The symptoms and signs of both primary and reactivation tuberculosis are described. Routine laboratory tests are rarely helpful for making the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The differences between the chest X ray in primary and reactivation tuberculosis is also described .The occurrence of tuberculosis in the elderly and in those patients on anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors is described. Pleural tuberculosis and its diagnosis are described. Efforts to define the activity of tuberculosis and the need for respiratory isolation are discussed. The complications of pulmonary tuberculosis are also described.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases that has claimed its victims throughout much of known human history. With Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus as the etiologic agent of the disease, his sanitary and hygienic measures, which were based on his discovery and the development of a vaccine against tuberculosis by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in 1921, an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and the discovery of the first antibiotic against tuberculosis, streptomycin by Selman Waksman in 1943, soon led to the opinion that appropriate control measures had become available for tuberculosis and it had been assumed that the disease could ultimately be eradicated.

The emergence of resistant strains of this bacteria and widespread distribution of the disease in the world, and the emergence of the AIDS epidemic destroyed any possibility of global control of tuberculosis in the foreseeable future.

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to highlight the current scientific literature on mycobacterial infections and provide an overview on the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis infections based on conventional phenotypic and modern molecular assays.

Keyword:- Tuberculosis, strain, bacilli, X ray , AIDS epidemic , antibiotic