Enzyme


1) Define an enzyme? Outline the IUB classification of enzymes with examples. Explain the mechanism of enzyme action.
2) Explain the factors affecting enzyme activity. Add a note on the properties of enzymes.
3) Define enzyme inhibition and discuss the different types of enzyme inhibitions.
4) What are isoenzymes? Describe their diagnostic applications.
5) What are coenzymes? Explain the biochemical role and deficiency symptoms of niacin.
6) Discuss the biochemical role and deficiency symptoms of vitamin B2 and B6.
7) Discuss the biochemical role of coenzyme forms of vitamin B1 and folic acid.
8) Discuss the biochemical role and deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12.
8) What are allosteric enzymes? Give two examples.
9) Give Michaelis-Menten equation with notations used.
10) Give therapeutic uses of any two enzymes.
11) What is Line-Weaver Burk plot? Give its significance.
12) Define Vmax and write its significance.
13) Define Km and write its significance.
14) What are the two models to explain the active site of enzymes?
15) Define enzyme specificity. Give example.
16) Define holoenzyme and apoenzyme.


Carbohydrate

1) Define glycolysis? Describe the biochemical pathway for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and lactate. Write about the energetics.
2) Explain the reactions sequence, significance and energetics of TCA cycle.
3) Define Gluconeogenesis and explain the reactions involved in it with its significance.
4) Explain glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
5) Describe the steps involved in the complete oxidation of glucose to pyruvate under aerobic condition with its energetic.
6) Discuss the glucose tolerance test with its significance.
7) Outline the various biochemical reactions involved in HMP shunt pathway and write its significance.
8) Discuss the glycogen storage diseases.
9) Explain the hormonal regulation of blood glucose level in the body.
10) Give the significance of HMP shunt.
11) What is Diabetes mellitus? Mention its types.
12) What is the use of malate-aspartate shuttle?
13) What is the amphibolic role of TCA cycle?
14) What are anaplerotic reactions?
15) How many moles of ATPs are formed in glycolysis when the end product is a) Pyruvic acid and b) lactic acid.
16) What is galactose tolerance test? Write its significance.
17) Name the enzymes and coenzymes present in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)complex.


Lipid metabolism


1)      Describe the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Add a note on the role of cholesterol in the body.
1) Explain the β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids. Calculate the ATP generated on complete oxidation of palmitic acid.
2) Explain the reactions of palmitate synthesis, starting from acetyl CoA.
3) What are ketone bodies? Explain the formation and importance of ketone bodies.
4) Describe briefly the synthesis of bile acids. Add a note on enterohepatic circulation of bile salts.
5) What is the functional significance of fatty acid synthase complex?
6) Name three unsaturated fatty acids. Write the structure of one of them.
7) Enumerate the functions of unsaturated fatty acids.
8) Write the structure of cholesterol. What is the role of cholesterol in our body?
9) What are bile salts? Give their importance.
10) Name three biologically important compounds derived from the catabolism of cholesterol.
11) What is hypercholesterolemia? Name two disorders that result in hypercholesterolemia.
12) What are the two measures that can be used to control hypercholesterolemia?
13) What is fatty liver? Name the two causes responsible for fatty liver?
14) What is atherosclerosis?
15) What is the role carnitine in fatty acid oxidation?
16) What is the role of citrate in fatty acid synthesis?
17) What is ketosis? Name the two conditions which lead to ketosis.
18) What is ketolysis? Give its significance.

Protein and amino acid metabolism


1) Explain the transamination reactions involved in the catabolism of amino acids.
2) Explain the deamination reactions involved in the catabolism of amino acids.
3) Describe the reactions of urea cycle.
4) Explain phenylketonuria and alkaptonuria.
5) What are porphoria? Explain the types and clinical manifestations of porphoria.
6) Explain the production of bile pigments.
7) What is jaundice and explain the different types of jaundice.
8) What are bile pigments, name the disease associated with their metabolism.
9) What are porphoria?
10) Define nitrogen balance and protein turnover.
11) What are transaminases? Write the diagnostic importance of two transaminases.
12) What is the normal blood urea level? Name two conditions in which blood urea level is elevated.
13) Name four metabolic disorders of urea cycle with enzyme defect.
14) What is maple syrup urine disease? What are its characteristics?
15) What is albinism? What are its characteristics?
16) What is homocystinuria? What are its characteristics?
17) What is jaundice?